Hey, I have just reduced the price for all products. Let's prepare our programming skills for the post-COVID era. 
Composite in PHP
Composite is a structural design pattern that allows composing objects into a tree-like structure and work with the it as if it was a singular object.
Composite became a pretty popular solution for the most problems that require building a tree structure. Composite’s great feature is the ability to run methods recursively over the whole tree structure and sum up the results.
Usage of the pattern in PHP
Complexity:
Popularity:
Usage examples: The Composite pattern is commonly used when working with object trees. The simplest example would be applying the pattern to elements of the DOM tree, working with the composite and simple elements of the tree in the same way.
Identification: If you have an object tree, and each object of a tree is a part of the same class hierarchy, this is most likely a composite. If methods of these classes delegate the work to child objects of the tree and do it via the base class/interface of the hierarchy, this is definitely a composite.
Conceptual Example
This example illustrates the structure of the Composite design pattern and focuses on the following questions:
- What classes does it consist of?
- What roles do these classes play?
- In what way the elements of the pattern are related?
After learning about the pattern’s structure it’ll be easier for you to grasp the following example, based on a real-world PHP use case.
index.php: Conceptual example
<?php
namespace RefactoringGuru\Composite\Conceptual;
/**
* The base Component class declares common operations for both simple and
* complex objects of a composition.
*/
abstract class Component
{
/**
* @var Component
*/
protected $parent;
/**
* Optionally, the base Component can declare an interface for setting and
* accessing a parent of the component in a tree structure. It can also
* provide some default implementation for these methods.
*/
public function setParent(Component $parent)
{
$this->parent = $parent;
}
public function getParent(): Component
{
return $this->parent;
}
/**
* In some cases, it would be beneficial to define the child-management
* operations right in the base Component class. This way, you won't need to
* expose any concrete component classes to the client code, even during the
* object tree assembly. The downside is that these methods will be empty
* for the leaf-level components.
*/
public function add(Component $component): void { }
public function remove(Component $component): void { }
/**
* You can provide a method that lets the client code figure out whether a
* component can bear children.
*/
public function isComposite(): bool
{
return false;
}
/**
* The base Component may implement some default behavior or leave it to
* concrete classes (by declaring the method containing the behavior as
* "abstract").
*/
abstract public function operation(): string;
}
/**
* The Leaf class represents the end objects of a composition. A leaf can't have
* any children.
*
* Usually, it's the Leaf objects that do the actual work, whereas Composite
* objects only delegate to their sub-components.
*/
class Leaf extends Component
{
public function operation(): string
{
return "Leaf";
}
}
/**
* The Composite class represents the complex components that may have children.
* Usually, the Composite objects delegate the actual work to their children and
* then "sum-up" the result.
*/
class Composite extends Component
{
/**
* @var \SplObjectStorage
*/
protected $children;
public function __construct()
{
$this->children = new \SplObjectStorage();
}
/**
* A composite object can add or remove other components (both simple or
* complex) to or from its child list.
*/
public function add(Component $component): void
{
$this->children->attach($component);
$component->setParent($this);
}
public function remove(Component $component): void
{
$this->children->detach($component);
$component->setParent(null);
}
public function isComposite(): bool
{
return true;
}
/**
* The Composite executes its primary logic in a particular way. It
* traverses recursively through all its children, collecting and summing
* their results. Since the composite's children pass these calls to their
* children and so forth, the whole object tree is traversed as a result.
*/
public function operation(): string
{
$results = [];
foreach ($this->children as $child) {
$results[] = $child->operation();
}
return "Branch(" . implode("+", $results) . ")";
}
}
/**
* The client code works with all of the components via the base interface.
*/
function clientCode(Component $component)
{
// ...
echo "RESULT: " . $component->operation();
// ...
}
/**
* This way the client code can support the simple leaf components...
*/
$simple = new Leaf();
echo "Client: I've got a simple component:\n";
clientCode($simple);
echo "\n\n";
/**
* ...as well as the complex composites.
*/
$tree = new Composite();
$branch1 = new Composite();
$branch1->add(new Leaf());
$branch1->add(new Leaf());
$branch2 = new Composite();
$branch2->add(new Leaf());
$tree->add($branch1);
$tree->add($branch2);
echo "Client: Now I've got a composite tree:\n";
clientCode($tree);
echo "\n\n";
/**
* Thanks to the fact that the child-management operations are declared in the
* base Component class, the client code can work with any component, simple or
* complex, without depending on their concrete classes.
*/
function clientCode2(Component $component1, Component $component2)
{
// ...
if ($component1->isComposite()) {
$component1->add($component2);
}
echo "RESULT: " . $component1->operation();
// ...
}
echo "Client: I don't need to check the components classes even when managing the tree:\n";
clientCode2($tree, $simple);
Output.txt: Execution result
Client: I get a simple component:
RESULT: Leaf
Client: Now I get a composite tree:
RESULT: Branch(Branch(Leaf+Leaf)+Branch(Leaf))
Client: I don't need to check the components classes even when managing the tree::
RESULT: Branch(Branch(Leaf+Leaf)+Branch(Leaf)+Leaf)
Real World Example
The Composite pattern can streamline the work with any tree-like recursive structures. The HTML DOM tree is an example of such a structure. For instance, while the various input elements can act as leaves, the complex elements like forms and fieldsets play the role of composites.
Bearing that in mind, you can use the Composite pattern to apply various behaviors to the whole HTML tree in the same way as to its inner elements without coupling your code to concrete classes of the DOM tree. Examples of such behaviors might be rendering the DOM elements, exporting it into various formats, validating its parts, etc.
With the Composite pattern, you don’t need to check whether it’s the simple or complex type of element before executing the behavior. Depending on the element’s type, it either gets executed right away or passed all the way down to all element’s children.
index.php: Real world example
<?php
namespace RefactoringGuru\Composite\RealWorld;
/**
* The base Component class declares an interface for all concrete components,
* both simple and complex.
*
* In our example, we'll be focusing on the rendering behavior of DOM elements.
*/
abstract class FormElement
{
/**
* We can anticipate that all DOM elements require these 3 fields.
*/
protected $name;
protected $title;
protected $data;
public function __construct(string $name, string $title)
{
$this->name = $name;
$this->title = $title;
}
public function getName(): string
{
return $this->name;
}
public function setData($data): void
{
$this->data = $data;
}
public function getData(): array
{
return $this->data;
}
/**
* Each concrete DOM element must provide its rendering implementation, but
* we can safely assume that all of them are returning strings.
*/
abstract public function render(): string;
}
/**
* This is a Leaf component. Like all the Leaves, it can't have any children.
*/
class Input extends FormElement
{
private $type;
public function __construct(string $name, string $title, string $type)
{
parent::__construct($name, $title);
$this->type = $type;
}
/**
* Since Leaf components don't have any children that may handle the bulk of
* the work for them, usually it is the Leaves who do the most of the heavy-
* lifting within the Composite pattern.
*/
public function render(): string
{
return "<label for=\"{$this->name}\">{$this->title}</label>\n" .
"<input name=\"{$this->name}\" type=\"{$this->type}\" value=\"{$this->data}\">\n";
}
}
/**
* The base Composite class implements the infrastructure for managing child
* objects, reused by all Concrete Composites.
*/
abstract class FieldComposite extends FormElement
{
/**
* @var FormElement[]
*/
protected $fields = [];
/**
* The methods for adding/removing sub-objects.
*/
public function add(FormElement $field): void
{
$name = $field->getName();
$this->fields[$name] = $field;
}
public function remove(FormElement $component): void
{
$this->fields = array_filter($this->fields, function ($child) use ($component) {
return $child != $component;
});
}
/**
* Whereas a Leaf's method just does the job, the Composite's method almost
* always has to take its sub-objects into account.
*
* In this case, the composite can accept structured data.
*
* @param array $data
*/
public function setData($data): void
{
foreach ($this->fields as $name => $field) {
if (isset($data[$name])) {
$field->setData($data[$name]);
}
}
}
/**
* The same logic applies to the getter. It returns the structured data of
* the composite itself (if any) and all the children data.
*/
public function getData(): array
{
$data = [];
foreach ($this->fields as $name => $field) {
$data[$name] = $field->getData();
}
return $data;
}
/**
* The base implementation of the Composite's rendering simply combines
* results of all children. Concrete Composites will be able to reuse this
* implementation in their real rendering implementations.
*/
public function render(): string
{
$output = "";
foreach ($this->fields as $name => $field) {
$output .= $field->render();
}
return $output;
}
}
/**
* The fieldset element is a Concrete Composite.
*/
class Fieldset extends FieldComposite
{
public function render(): string
{
// Note how the combined rendering result of children is incorporated
// into the fieldset tag.
$output = parent::render();
return "<fieldset><legend>{$this->title}</legend>\n$output</fieldset>\n";
}
}
/**
* And so is the form element.
*/
class Form extends FieldComposite
{
protected $url;
public function __construct(string $name, string $title, string $url)
{
parent::__construct($name, $title);
$this->url = $url;
}
public function render(): string
{
$output = parent::render();
return "<form action=\"{$this->url}\">\n<h3>{$this->title}</h3>\n$output</form>\n";
}
}
/**
* The client code gets a convenient interface for building complex tree
* structures.
*/
function getProductForm(): FormElement
{
$form = new Form('product', "Add product", "/product/add");
$form->add(new Input('name', "Name", 'text'));
$form->add(new Input('description', "Description", 'text'));
$picture = new Fieldset('photo', "Product photo");
$picture->add(new Input('caption', "Caption", 'text'));
$picture->add(new Input('image', "Image", 'file'));
$form->add($picture);
return $form;
}
/**
* The form structure can be filled with data from various sources. The Client
* doesn't have to traverse through all form fields to assign data to various
* fields since the form itself can handle that.
*/
function loadProductData(FormElement $form)
{
$data = [
'name' => 'Apple MacBook',
'description' => 'A decent laptop.',
'photo' => [
'caption' => 'Front photo.',
'image' => 'photo1.png',
],
];
$form->setData($data);
}
/**
* The client code can work with form elements using the abstract interface.
* This way, it doesn't matter whether the client works with a simple component
* or a complex composite tree.
*/
function renderProduct(FormElement $form)
{
// ..
echo $form->render();
// ..
}
$form = getProductForm();
loadProductData($form);
renderProduct($form);
Output.txt: Execution result
<form action="/product/add">
<h3>Add product</h3>
<label for="name">Name</label>
<input name="name" type="text" value="Apple MacBook">
<label for="description">Description</label>
<input name="description" type="text" value="A decent laptop.">
<fieldset><legend>Product photo</legend>
<label for="caption">Caption</label>
<input name="caption" type="text" value="Front photo.">
<label for="image">Image</label>
<input name="image" type="file" value="photo1.png">
</fieldset>
</form>
